UNIDAD III
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization itself, and thus is a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East.
· De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
El tema esta realcionado con la Industria del Petroleo, explicando las etapas por las cuales tiene que pasar el crudo para su procesamiento a su materia prima.
· ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
Petróleo es vital para muchas industrias y es de importancia para el mantenimiento de la propia civilización industrial y por lo tanto es una preocupación para muchas naciones
· ¿Qué palabras se repiten?
Petroleum Industry, Many, And, oil
· ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
Operations, category, transporting, petroleun, civilization
· ¿Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
exploration, extraction, refining,petroleum products,upstream, midstream and downstream.
· ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
La industria del petróleo incluye los procesos mundiales de exploración, extracción, refinación, transporte (a menudo por petroleros y tuberías) y comercialización de productos derivados del petróleo. Los productos de mayores volumen de la industria son aceite combustible y gasolina. Petróleo también es la materia prima para muchos productos químicos, incluidos los productos farmacéuticos, disolventes, fertilizantes, plaguicidas y plásticos. La industria generalmente se divide en tres componentes principales: flujo ascendente, medio y posterior. Operaciones de arreglárselas generalmente se incluyen en la categoría de aguas abajo.
UNIDAD IV
Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.
A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables),[1] undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives,[2] usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations),[3] which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.
. Marcadores de definición:
As a; is the; I is sometimes; is a temporary ; is actually.
Project management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).[6] It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.[7]
. Marcadores de Tiempo:
Until 1900; 1st century BC; It was in the 1950s; that organizations started
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